Paper -- essays research papers

In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and capital of the United Kingdom were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. In England John Dickenson produced the cylinder machine that was operational by 1809. Although useful for smaller enterprises, this lacked the large musical scale potential of the machine resulting from the invention of Nicholas-Louis Robert in Paris, which had a more perplex incubation period. The last of the early improvements to this machine were financed by the Fourdrinier brformer(a)s in London, and it was aft(prenominal) these brothers that the machine was named. The Fourdrinier could produce paper of virtually any size for the genuinely first time, limited only by the width of the continuous cable mesh upon which the paper was made. It has been estimated that this machine could produce 40,680 14"x 18" sheets in 12 hours - the production equivalent of 8 hand-operated vats - thence reducing the price of some papers by a bout two-thirds. A watershed had been reached which led to a rapid increase in other mechanical developments and improvements.The change-over to late technologies was, however, gradual. A few mills using the venerable hand-made methods continued to function until relatively recently. One mill, Wookey Hole in Somerset, clam up operates on a small scale but this is largely for tourist purposes. This is slightly counterbalanced by one or two new hand-operated mills that have opened in recent years.The scarceness of paper-making materials had been a problem from th...